AA see Mignon
AC adapter Mains adapter. Enables the connection of the digital camera to the mains electricity supply.
Adapter Ring The adapter ring is a Coversion lens adaptor that is mounted on the cover surrounding the lens. It is used in when a coversion lens cannot be mounted directly on the camera. By using this adapter, you will be able to use filters that do not exactly match the camera lens diameter. For details of supported cameras and diameters of the conversion lens adapter, refer to our customer support page.
ADC Analogue-Digital Converter. Hardware that converts analogue information into digital data. (AD-Conversion)
AD conversion Analogue-Digital conversion. In order to process an analogue signal (e.g. a photo) in a computer, it must first be digitised (converted into a specific mathematical format of binary code). Pictures are usually digitised with the help of a digital camera or a scanner.
Additive colour mixing Describes a colour system that is based upon the addition of the three additive primary colours (red, green and blue). For example, colour televisions and computer monitor displays use the principle of additive colour mixing.
AE Automatic exposure.
AEB Auto Exposure Bracketing
AF Autofocus
AF confirmation mark Mark displayed on the monitor when the subject is in focus. Press the shutter button halfway to focus on the subject. This mark appears when the subject is in focus. The subject is not in focus if this mark is flashing. Release the shutter button and press the button halfway again.
AF metering field Spot or area in the frame marking the position where the autofocus system takes readings to set the focus.
AF MODE A function used to switch between the camera's auto focus modes. The camera has two AF modes. [iESP] detects the subjects in the entire picture, determines the primary subject and decides on the focusing point. In [SPOT] mode, the camera will focus only on the AF target mark in the center of the screen.
AiAF Artificial intelligence Auto Focus. By Canon developed Dual Autofocus System.
Akkupack In a portable, external housing enclosed battery. It is used as an additional power source for extending the capacity/time of use from a device (e.g. Camera, Flash)
Algorithm A set of processing or working instructions that, because of their high precision, can be carried out independently by a mechanical or electronic device. Algorithms are, for example, the set rules for addition and subtraction etc. However, they are also the instructions that are established in a programming language. Algorithms simply allow the computer to solve particular problems. In image editing, algorithms are used to alter images, e.g. 3-D Cubic Algorithm.
Aliasing Pixel-shaped curves on the diagonal edges of objects. This can sometimes occur since all graphics consist of individual pixels. Anti-aliasing reduces this unwelcome effect by recalculating the contrast values of the neighbouring pixels and matching them up with each other.
Analogue Opposite of digital. Analogue data merges continuously into each other without clearly defined steps. (E.g. the colours of a rainbow are not obviously separable from one another.)
Aperture Mechanism behind the lens that controls the amount of light entering the camera. The aperture not only influences picture brightness but also regulates depth of focus. Most cameras are equipped with an iris aperture that can be freely adjusted or set according to pre-selected values.
Aperture closing see Aperture.
Aperture opening see Aperture.
Aperture Priority In this mode, the user can adjust the aperture and the camera automatically selects the best shutter speed to match it. In most cameras, the Aperture Priority mode is denoted by the letter “A”.
Aperture number see Aperture.
APO Definition for apochromatic corrected lenses (mostly made of fuorit-glas). Apochromatic corrected lenses have the property of breaking the beams of light so that the red, green and blue beams/waves exactly will meet on the same point and therefore will not be any chromatic abberation.
APS Advanced Photo System. Developed together by five companies, this film system is distinguished by simple operation, a new picture format (16 x 30 mm) as well as a choice of three picture formats. Additional information (such as exposure, aperture and date) can be recorded on the magnetic strip of the APS film. However, APS is not digital photography.
ASIC chip A chip designed for a specific application. They are used by cameras to quickly process the captured image data.
ATA-Flash-Cards Space-saving integrated plug-in memory cards.
Auto bracketing Using this mode, a series of shots – each adjusted to a different exposure value – is taken in succession. This is very useful in tricky lighting conditions where it is difficult to assess the settings. After all shots have been taken, the best may be selected and the others deleted.
Auto flash One of the flash modes. When the flash mode is set to [AUTO], the camera sets off the flash according to the ambient light conditions. When the flash goes off, the shutter speed will be fixed at a value that is less prone to camera movement blur.
Autofocus (AF) Automatic focus adjustment. There are basically two main AF methods: the focus detecting method, (or passive autofocus) usually employs a CCD and works by evaluating the amount of contrast or the phase difference in a scene. Distance metering (or active autofocus) utilises an (infrared) light emitter and receiver in a triangular surveying system. Alternatively, the camera may use ultrasound (sonar) and measure the time taken for the sound signal to return. This data is converted by a microprocessor into information about distance and thereby enables the automatic focusing of the lens.
Autofocus illuminator Some cameras are equipped with an AF illuminator which assists the normal autofocus in poor lighting conditions by illuminating the subject. In this way, the regular passive AF system (e.g. contrast detecting / phase differential method) can determine the correct focus settings – even in dark surroundings.
Automatic Program Within a programm automat the diaphragm and the shutterspeed according to the lightconditions are automatically set. On most cameras indicated with the symbol "P".
AVAILABLE LIGHT A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. It sets the flash mode to flash-off but still allows you to take pictures in dark places. Higher ISO sensitivities will be used automatically to permit the use of faster shutter speeds so as to avoid camera and subject blur. Picture size may be limited.
Average metering A special exposure metering technique that measures the average light intensity across the entire frame.
AVI Audio Video Interleave. Standard file format from Microsoft (and therefore for Windows computers). It is used for saving video sequences with or without sound.
Backlight Light coming from behind the subject. When light from behind is the main source of light, the subject is backlit.
Banding Depiction error often occurring in dark sections of an image when shooting with a high sensitivity setting. Smooth lines of brightness or colour look like bands of brightness or colour.
Batch In computer technology this notion is used together with batch editing files. These are small programms which carries out series of orders automatically.With that it is possible to rename at the same time a large file with pictures, copy, delete and so on without doing every step to every single picture.
Battery pack Also called power pack. Rechargeable battery protected by casing. It provides camera, external flash, etc, with additional power.
BEACH & SNOW A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of the ocean with a clear sky or a snowy mountain.
Binary This is the name given to the representation system of numbers consisting solely of the figures 0 and 1. Just like the ten figure decimal system (0-9), in the binary system, larger numbers are made up by combining the numbers 0 and 1.
Bit Binary digit. The smallest digital unit that can show only two states, 0 or 1. 8 bits produce one byte.
Bit depth see Colour depth
Bitmap A representational form for a digital image in which each bit in the computers memory corresponds to one dot on the screen or printer.
Blackboard/ Whiteboard These two picture effects record images using only pure black and white to heighten the image’s contrast value. This makes them ideal for capturing text.
BloomingThe opposite of noise; an image error that has been more or less eradicated in the newer digital cameras. It describes the “overflow” of electrical charges between the individual sensors on a CCD element.
Bluebox A process from television and movie production. Actors stand in front of a coloured wall, usually painted blue. Later, a different background is put in for the blue areas on the recorded image, giving the impression that the actors are e.g. on top of a mountain, although they never left the studio.
Bluestitch Affected with a blue color.
Bluetooth Standard introduced by Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba for wireless, radio-wave communication between different devices. Unlike the infrared data transfer method, which is also wireless, Bluetooth does not even require visual contact between the communications devices. It operates on a frequency of 2.4 GHz and offers a regular transfer rate of 1 Mbit/s. Its normal range is 10 metres.
Blur There are many reasons why a subject may appear blurred in a picture. Blur may occur if the subject is moving too fast (subject blur), or if the camera is not stable or moves while the shutter button is pressed (camera blur). Camera blur and camera movement may occur more frequently even at the same shutter speed when using the zoom or a lens with a long focal length.
Bridge-Kamera A bridge camera makes a bridge between a compact camera and a single reflex camera (SLR). It has a single reflex viewer but no exchangeble objectives.
Browser Describes a program used to display information, especially on the internet.
Buffer (Buffer memory) A form of temporary memory (RAM) where images are saved briefly before being written to the storage media. This type of memory is necessary because memory cards are comparably slower due to their architecture and cannot save the files at the speed the camera produces them. Buffer memory is particularly helpful when shooting sequence photos.
Bug Describes a programming error. This can be removed by correction or rewriting the program codes.
Bug-Fix Removing a software error by means of a small additional program.
Bulb mode Long exposure mode. In bulb mode, the shutter stays open as long as the release is held down. This allows exposure times of several minutes or even hours. However, in some models the bulb mode is limited to a number of minutes regardless of how long the release is held.
Burst see Burst mode.
Burst mode Long exposure mode. In bulb mode, the shutter stays open as long as the release is held down. This allows exposure times of several minutes or even hours. However, in some models the bulb mode is limited to a number of minutes regardless of how long the release is held.
Bus Internal interface for data transfer between individual system components such as microprocessor, memory, etc.
Byte Binary data packet made up of 8 bits. A byte can represent values between 0 and 255. It can depict 256 symbols, numbers or colours. In the computer field, larger byte size is described using the prefix letter for the abbreviation of the exponent of 2. Therefore: 1 Kilobyte = 1 KB = 1,024 bytes 1 Megabyte = 1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes 1 Gigabyte = 1 GB = 1,073,741,824 bytes 1 Tera-byte = 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes.
Calendar card see SmartMedia function card.
Calibration The reciprocal balancing or tuning of input and output devices to receive a matching value. In this way, the colours on a monitor can be matched with the printer’s colours.
CAMEDIA The name given to the Olympus Digital Imaging products.
CAMEDIA Master /CAMEDIA Master Pro CAMEDIA Master software allows easy, straightforward processing, editing, organising and printing of digital still and video images. Using the software, images can be joined together to create panoramic scenes. Thumbnail overviews make it easy to find individual photos. The Pro version offers additional advantages: the creation of presentations with sound effects and music, which can be saved as movies; HTML photo albums for inclusion on websites.
Camera shake A major cause of unclear pictures, this unwanted movement is caused by involuntary hand and body tremors jarring the camera.
Candela Unit of illumination (cd). 1 cd is 1/683W per steradian.
[CANDLE] A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures under the lighting of a candle or an incandescent lamp. Also, some camera models automatically increase the ISO sensitivity to prevent camera movement blur.
Card adapter Device in which the memory card can be inserted for transferring the data on a memory card between a PC Card slot and disk drive to the computer.
Card drive Device which has the possibility for the use of one or more different memory cards and appears as a computer drive. On the computer the pictures can be moved between computer and drive and the pictures can then be removed from the memory card.
Card reader/ writer Device that accepts memory cards and, through connection to a computer, allows data to be transferred between the media and PC.
Cast When a colour of one type is in excess in a picture, such as too much yellow or red. Often appears if the wrong white balance setting is used.
Catchlight Reflection of light in a person's eyes. In portrait pictures, facial expressions appear brighter and livelier if catchlights appear in the subject's eyes. To consciously create catchlights, you can shine light on the subject using a flash or use a reflector.
CCD Charge-Coupled Device. A light sensitive semiconductor that converts received light into voltage according to the level of brightness. It is used as a chip or line sensor in digital cameras and scanners.
CD-R Compact Disc Recordable. CD on which data can be saved (at intervals if desired) but not deleted. Besides the standard size of 12 cm diameter, smaller versions of 8 cm are also available.
CD-RW Compact Disc Rewritable. Compact disc that can be re-written up to 1,000 times. Besides the standard size of 12 cm diameter, smaller versions of 8 cm are also available.
Centre-weighted average metering This method of exposure metering is often used for subjects with an even contrast distribution.
CF see Compact Flash.
Charger Battery-charger.
Chip General description for integrated circuits whose components (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors) are mounted on a small plate of the semi-conducting material silicon.
CIE Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage. An international standard commission for colour metric measurements. The set standards are the basis for the colour definition in DTP standards.
Circular-type A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. This is a circularly polarized type of PL filter. Modern digital cameras often use a polarizing half mirror system for metering and auto focusing functions. These functions may not function properly when a normal PL filter is used. In such a case, a circularly polarized type of PL filter must be used.
Closest focus range Shortest distance on which can be focused.
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. Light sensitive chip. Different to CCDs, the pixel elements on the CMOS are read individually.
CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key/Black. These are the printer colours used to create colour prints.
Codec Short for Decompressor/Compressor. Algorithm for compression and decompression from images (pictures and videos) and/or music.
Colour area Spatial description off all colours respectively colour nuances, which a certain device (digital camera, monitor, printer) can assimilate respectively describe. The colorspace enlarges according to the colourdepth.
Colour depth This refers to the maximum number of colours that can be recorded by digital cameras and scanners or that can be displayed by graphics cards. A true colour representation can be achieved at a colour depth of 8 bits per primary colour, that is a 24 bit colour depth. In this case, 256 bits are available for one pixel. With an RGB signal, this value is then multiplied by a factor of three so that a total of 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216 colours can be displayed. High-end scanners, graphic cards etc. provide a minimum colour depth of 24 bit.
Colourmanagement The calibration of all peripheral devices that feature in the production of colour images (monitors, scanners, colour printers etc.). For example, by using a colour management system, the data from a scanner is converted into values for a standard colour range. The data is then arranged so that the printer can produce good colour prints.
Colour noise The incorrect reproduction of colour on an image, e.g. dots on an area which is supposed to be pure white.
Colour stitch When a picture has a colour stitch, a colour part is more pronounced.
Colour temperature Describes the spectral energy distribution and thereby the colour quality of a light source. The temperature of a colour is given in Kelvin (K). It is important to choose the correct temperature so that a subject can be photographed in its true colours. The spectrum that can be seen by the human eye lies between approx. 2,790 K and 11,000 K.
Color value size The color value size indicates the differences between the lightest and darkest parts of the picture.
Compactcamera Small, easy to use camera with built-in, non-changeable objectives and a viewfinder.
Compact digital camera Smaller dimensions and reduced weight make these easy to handle models ideal for travel and everyday use.
CompactFlash card Rewritable removable memory or function card developed by SanDisk in 1994. In contrast with SmartMedia or xD-Picture Card technology, it has a built-in controller. The newer CF type II (CF/2) cards are 5 mm thick, the CF type I are only 3.3 mm thick.
Compatibility The ability of data, programs (software), and equipment (hardware) to run and/or work together. This allows for the individual components to be put together to form a system.
COM port Describes the serial interface of a computer. Often used to connect devices such as digital cameras to a computer.
Composition The process of adjusting framing, camera position and/or focal length to make the subject a visually pleasing photograph.
Compression Data may be compressed to reduce storage (memory) space or transmission times (= reducing the amount of data). Well-known compression standards include JPEG and MPEG.
Computer controlled flash Almost all compact or grip-type flashes are computer controlled. They set their intensity by directing a sensor at the subject, thus gathering the information from which the flash duration can be attained. The light sensor often gathers the data through the cameras lens.
Contrast The degree of difference between a subject's tones, which is a function of its inherent shades and colors and also the quality of light.
Conversion Lens A conversion lens is a lens that is mounted on the lens tip for the purpose of changing the focal length of the lens. It is mainly used for cameras that cannot change lenses. Types of conversion lenses available include: a macro lens for taking close-up shots; a wide-angle lens that allows you to shoot wider angle shots; and a telephoto lens that lets you take long-distance pictures by extending the focus length. For details of supported cameras and lens models, please refer to our customer support page.
Converter/ Lens converter Lens extension that increases or shortens the focal distance.
CPU Central Processing Unit. The main processor of a PC (personal computer).
Cross Filter A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. It creates an effect that makes the light appear to radiate from the source.
Cross-button Special operating element. By altering the point of pressure, a single button is all that is needed to choose various menus or select and activate functions.
CRT Cathode Ray Tube. Electron guns inside the tube send beams onto the front surface of the tube, causing it to glow, creating a display.
CR123A 3V lithium battery with a standard size of 34 x 16.5 mm, also called DL123A in America.
CR2016 Defined as Lithium one-time-use button batteries with the standard size 20 x 1,5 mm and Nenn voltage from 3V. Used with digital cameras as back up battery for saving Date and Time.
CR2032 Defined as Lithium one time use button batteries with the standard size 20 x 3 mm and Nenn voltage from 3V. Used with digital cameras as backup battery for saving Date and Time.
CR-V3 3V lithium battery with a standard size of 52 x 14 x 28 mm. Olympus description: LB-01E.
[CUISINE] A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. It is suitable for taking pictures of food with vivid colors. The camera is set automatically to macro mode allowing you to get really close to the subject.
Data security A collective term used for any measure to protect and store files as well as programs for an extended period of time.
Daylight Synchronization When you take pictures during the day, this allows you to illuminate objects that are shadowed without sacrificing objects that already have enough light. A good example of this is when you take pictures of backlit people. It is most effective when the flash is not too strong and acts as a fill light.
DCF Design Rule for Camera File System – an industry standard for saving digital images. This not only determines the file type, but also sets the rule for naming the folder and file structure. It allows the conversion of uncompressed TIFF files into compressed JPEG files. This JPEG file is of the Exif type and can contain camera information such as the date and shooting parameters.
Dead pixel see Dead pixels.
Dead pixels Dead pixels do not react at all (unlike hot pixels) and can be seen in the resulting image as black spots.
Decoder Opposite of encoder, decompresses e.g. a Video
Default settings When the battery has been removed for a long time, the settings of functions including Record Mode and white balance stored in the camera will be returned to the factory default settings. Default settings represent a status that is almost the same as these factory default setting. The camera will be returned to the default settings when the power is turned off, but settings such as date and time will be retained. For details on the default settings, refer to the camera's instruction manual.
Depth of field The spatial area in a shot that is in focus. The depth of field is influenced by the aperture size, the lens’ focal length and the point of focus. Also called depth of focus.
Dia Short for Diapositiv film. Also known as two-side film. The dia film is a photografic emulsion, transferred to a carrier and through projection (f.i. with a dia projector) or retro-projection can be seen.Dia-films need a special turning development (so the chemicals used are not the same as for negative-films) where there can not be a color traffic......
DIGIC Short for Digital Imaging Integrated Circuit. By Canon especially developed processor for the camera internal Photo development for the own company models. The Digic-Signalprocessor takes over sic key functions, Image structure automatic exposure/focus/white balance, Signal editing, JPEG Compression, removable memory card management and managing the LCD.
Digital Opposite of analogue. Digital information is made up of a limited number of gradations (e.g. 256 colours, 8 bit). The change from one digital element to the next is always “step by step” and not continuous.
Digital Album Mobile buffer from the brand Nixvue.
Digital camera Usually captures images with the help of a CCD chip. The image data received is then saved to special memory cards or other storage media.
Digital ESP Digital Electro-Selective Pattern. The employment of a selective multi-zone metering system ensures an optimal exposure even in difficult lighting conditions. While simple multi-zone systems work out the average exposure from readings throughout the frame, the digital ESP system analyses the distribution and degree of brightness to see which of a range of scenarios the picture best matches (e.g. a shot with strong backlight or sunset). It then adjusts the settings accordingly.
Digital flash see Computer controlled flash
Digital Imaging Software Image editing software.
Digitalisation see AD-conversion.
Digital tele Thanks to special algorithms, some digital cameras are able to provide a zoom effect by re-calculating the captured image data. However, enlarging an image in this way also means reducing its picture quality.
Diode see Photodiode
Diopter Unit for measuring a lens’ refractive power. In photography, the term is used with close-up lenses and corrections to the viewfinder to adjust it to the user’s eyesight.
Diopter lens Optical accessory, which is screwed in front of the objective of the camera and functiones as a magnifying glass. Opposite of the macro converter only the image standard will be changed; the closest focus range will not be shorter. The factor of magnification will be indicated in dioptre(s).
Dioptric adjustment The adjustment of the viewfinder to the photographer’s eyesight (unit: dpt).
Direct print function The ability to print digital pictures without the need for a computer.
Diskette Adapter see FlashPath Adapter.
Dispersion circle Dispersion circle originate when there is a blur in the picture and is the deviation from the projection of a pixel on the motiv in the sensor. From the side of the objective there is on the motiv for every pixel a lightcone which point hits the sensor during focussing.In the case focussing is not possible, the point wil be broken of and be projected all over the sensor. At a certain deviation the cone point to the sensor level, which will be projected as a circle, indicated as blurred, so this is the dispersion circle.
Display see LCD
Distortion Misrepresentation of an image. Wide angle lenses normally produce more distortion than tele lenses.
Dot pitch Used with monitors, it indicates the distance between individual dots. The smaller the distance between dots, the sharper the image. Good monitors usually have a dot pitch of between 0.25 and 0.27 mm.
Download Describes the process of receiving data, usually via either a mailbox, the internet or another device like a digital camera to a PC (data transmission).
dpi Dots per inch (1 inch = approx. 2.54 cm). A measuring unit in printing to describe the geometric resolution of an image.
DPOF Digital Print Order Format. A format introduced by the photo industry that enables images stored, for example on SmartMedia or xD-Picture Card, to be accessed directly by certain printers and copiers as well as allowing simpler professional treatment by photo labs.
Drive Mode One of the functions related to the action of the camera when the shutter is released. It includes sequential shooting and AF sequential shooting. With some camera models, self-timer and auto-bracketing settings are also added.
Driver A small program that allows communication between the application program and a certain device, for example a printer or digital camera.
DSC Digital Still Camera, this shortcut is often used together with product number (f.i. Sony DSC-F707) or in file names (f.i. DSC030011.JPG).
DSLR Short for Digital Single Lens Reflex.
DSP Short for Digital Signal Processor, electronical Microprcessor for real-time editing from digital signals. A DSP can take over one or more functions (f.i. Autofocus. JPEG compression, Connection ).
DTP Desktop Publishing. This refers to the design and illustration of texts and graphics directly on the monitor screen.
Dual autofocus From Latin "hybrida" = half-breed, bastard. Combined sytem for auto focus consisting of an active and a passive autofocus.
DVD-ROM Digital Versatile Disc. A standard for CD-ROM with a much greater capacity (e.g. 9.4 GB) than a regular CD-ROM.
DXP Short for Digital Extended Processor. Definition for certain A/D converters or signal editing parts from Sony.
Dye-sublimation Describes a printing method for half-tone images or pictures. This process uses heat to transfer colour from a printer ribbon into paper. The picture quality is exceptional. The CAMEDIA photo printer P-400 ID from Olympus produces A4 size prints within 90 seconds and at a resolution of 314 dpi with up to 16.7 million colours.
EBV Short for electronical picture editing. See also: picture editing programm.
Edit Menu function that is available when the camera is in Playback mode. Depending on the camera model, picture correction functions such as "BRIGHTNESS" and picture processing functions such as "SEPIA" and "FRAME" are available.
Edition format see Format
ED-Lens Extra-Low Dispersion which indicates a special condition for high quality lenses who can be built in high quality objectives. Lenses from ED-Glas have the special property, to break all colors from the visible lightspectrum equally strong, so there can be reached an extraordinary good representation result (sharpness, chromatical aberration).
Electronic viewfinder The electronic viewfinder consists of a small LCD which displays the picture seen though the lens, just like with a regular SLR. This is achieved with the help of the CCD which continually sends the captured image information to the electronic viewfinder. As a result, composition is much easier because the photographer is shown the very same image seen by the camera. Furthermore, shooting data, such as picture number and settings, may also be displayed here.
Encapsulated Postscript see EPS
Encoder Opposite from decoder. Software, which f.i. compresses a video.
E-mail A worldwide electronic mail system. Digitised data can be sent almost immediately throughout the world via telephone lines using only a PC. Every email user has his or her own internationally distinct address where he or she can be reached electronically. Files, such as digital pictures, can be sent with any e-mail message.
EOS Short for Electro Optical System. Name for Autofocus Singel-Reflex Camera developed by Canon.
EPS Encapsulated PostScript. A computer file format based on the PostScript standard. It is supported by most graphic design and page layout programs. In addition to the PostScript code, the EPS file also contains a low resolution PICT.
ESP see Digital ESP
E-TTL Short for Evaluative Through-the-Lens Mode. By Canon developed method for flash exposure measurement and -control. Contrary to TTL-flash control and -measurement, these two separate measure cells (one for the flash light and one for the ambient light) presupposes, becomes with the E-TTL the flash light also through the objective, however through the same measure cell measured as for the ambient light.This makes a precise syntonizing possible between flashlight and ambient light. With E-TTL flash measurement and -control, direct before de main flash and before the real exposure fires an ultra short (for the human eye not visible) measuring pre-flash, which an adjusted and capable electronic in camera and flash becomes.Therefor the E-TTL system will only function with the corresponding Canon cameras and flashes.
EVF see Electronic viewfinder
Exif Exchangeable image format. A standard for image files created with digital cameras and other input devices. Exif files can contain either uncompressed TIFF or compressed JPEG images and can hold data about the camera and settings employed. Using special programs, the information saved can be shown. Exif 2.2 saves even more information, such as the shooting mode, white balance and flash settings used. Compatible printers can then intelligently apply this data to produce optimal printed results.
Exposure During exposure, the sensors on the CCD (or chemicals on the film in analogue models) are subjected to the light outside the camera for a certain time.
Exposure control Describes how the shutter speed and aperture are controlled by the camera. This can be either automatic: fully automatic, programmed auto and scene program; as well as semi-automatic: Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority or manual: full control of the aperture and shutter.
Exposure correction (compensation/ control) Conscious deviation from the value ascertained by the light meter. The change can be made manually (under- and overexposure) or through the programmed auto exposure control.
Exposure meter see Light meter
Exposure metering see Light metering
Exposure time The length of time for which the shutter is open.
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions.
File A set of data that has been arranged according to specific rules. Files are managed in the computer by the operating system and can be stored long-term on an external storage medium.
File format Describes the contents of files. Common file formats include for a text file, (Encapsulated PostScript) for PostScript, and for ”TIFF”-images.
Fill-in Flash One of the flash modes. When the flash mode is set to [AUTO], the camera sets off the flash according to the ambient light conditions. However, when the subject is darkened due to backlight, the flash may not automatically go off. Set to [Fill-in Flash] to set off the flash regardless of brightness.
Film scanner Hardware for digitising negatives and slides.
Film sensitivity The information is given in an ISO value, which replaced the earlier DIN and ASA (American Standard Association).
Filter 1. A transparent, mostly coloured sheet of glass or plastic that can be placed in front of a lens to create a certain effect. 2. An option in an image editing program that enables certain adjustments to the picture, e.g. colour and brightness or foreshortening.
Filter screw-thread On the frontside of an objective (or on a special adapter) there is a special filter screw-thread for connecting filters.
Firewire Serial data transfer interface with a transfer speed of up to 400 Mbit per seconds (50 MB per second). Sometimes known as an IEEE1394 interface. Features some of the characteristics of USB, such as Plug & Play and the connection of up to 64 devices.
Firmware Software contained in ROM that manages the camera’s operation.
Fisheye lens Having a viewing angle of 180°, these lenses can provided a very surreal image. Can be divided into diagonal types which provide a frame-filling picture; or circular lenses which project a round image on the frame.
Fixed focal length When the camera’s lens has a set focal length and cannot be moved so optical zooming is not possible.
Fixfocus see Fixed focus
Fixed focus Fixed focus cameras do not have autofocus systems. The focus and aperture have been set so that everything within a certain distance is captured clearly. However, the drawback is that they do not have a very close focusing range and only a small aperture.
Flare A camera lens is a combination of several lenses. Flare is caused by the stray reflections inside the lens of strong light sources like direct sunlight, making the picture duller. It occurs as the result of taking pictures against backlight (or semi-backlight).
Flash Produces a large amount of light for a brief moment to illuminate the subject. Modern flashes work with glass discharge tubes. Computerised camera flashes can measure and automatically control their intensity by means of a sensor directed at the subject.
Flash duration The camera’s flash synchronisation ensures the flash is emitted while the shutter is open.
Flash Film Scanner Attachment for certain digital cameras that digitises 35 mm negatives, and slides.
Flash Off One of the flash modes. When the flash mode is set to [AUTO], the camera sets off the flash according to the ambient light conditions. However, flash photography may be prohibited in some locations. You can avoid accidentally setting off the flash by setting the flash mode to [Flash off].
FlashPath Adapter Permits the trouble-free transfer of digital images saved on SmartMedia cards to a PC. The storage cards are inserted into the adapter and then in the computer’s disk drive.
Flash range The distance needed to be covered by the flash to give the subject optimal illumination. This can be calculated using Lambert’s law. As the distance from the light source is doubled only a quarter of the original amount of light will reach the subject.
Flash-ROM A type of memory storage that can retain information even after the power has been switched off. Unlike conventional ROM, the contents of a Flash-ROM can be deleted and rewritten with the help of a pre-programmed electrical current. Therefore, a Flash-ROM is a combination of RAM and ROM.
Flash synchronisation Co-ordinates the opening of the camera’s shutter with the time and duration of the flash. Some cameras allow you to synchronise the beginning or end of the shutter (“first curtain” and “second curtain” flash respectively).
Flexizone-Autofokus Canon originally developed autofocus system for camcorders, where it will focus automatically. The choice from the measure points will made either automatically or (the camera tries to find out on which point which the main subject area of focus is) and/or manually (with cursor buttons or a joystick).
Focal length The distance between the centre of the lens system and the film or CCD sensor, i.e. where the image is in focus. Normal focal length gives an image impression roughly corresponding to that of the human eye (about 50 mm in conventional film cameras and about 7 mm in digital cameras with a 1/3” CCD).
Focal length multiplier Uses anybody on a digital camera an objective, which originally.
Focus see Focusing
Focusing Adjusting the position of the lens elements to bring the image into focus, i.e. so that it is clear and sharp.
Focus Lock One of the focusing techniques that are available. In general, the camera performs focusing and metering when the shutter button is pressed halfway. The focus and exposure will be fixed for as long as you continue pressing the shutter button halfway. Then, move the camera to your desired framing and press the shutter button down all the way. Use this technique when no subject exists at your desired focusing point.
Format In computers this refers to the type of file, such as JPEG, TIFF or DOC. In photography and other areas it also refers to the two dimensional size of an image. In compact cameras, the photos typically have a ratio of 3:2 (Format: 36 x 24 mm). With digital images, the ratio is normally 4:3 but can be changed to 3:2 in some cameras. For prints, the format means the size of the print out, such as 9 x 13 cm, 10 x 15 cm, 13 x 18 cm.
Frame assist Some camera models display gridlines on the LCD monitor to assist you in deciding the picture composition. There are also camera models that display horizontal and vertical gridlines on the monitor, while other models display them in the shape of a cross.
Freeware Software that is free to use and pass on but not sell. Unlike shareware, there is no need to register the software.
Front Light It means that the light source is behind you (the photographer). The light comes from in front of the subject, so the exposure setting automatically determined by the camera can normally produce good pictures.
FTP File Transfer Protocol. Protocol for transferring files between computers and the Internet.
Full automatic In this mode, the camera not only controls the aperture and shutter but all other settings (e.g. flash).
Gamma correction A process whereby contrast values are optimised.
GB see Gigabyte
Ghosting A camera lens is a combination of several lenses. Ghosting is caused by the stray reflections inside the lens of strong light sources like direct sunlight. It occurs as the result of taking pictures against backlight (or semi-backlight)
GIF GGraphic Interchange Format. A popular file format for computer graphics.
Gigabyte 1 Gigabyte = 1,024 Megabytes.
GIMP Short for:"GNU Image Manipulation Programme". Under GNU General Public Licence sold free Picture Editing Progamme.
Glasslens see Lens
Glossy Photo paper (conventional or Inkjet paper) with a glossy surface.
GPS Global Positioning System. The GPS receiver uses satellites to let you determine the exact longitude, latitude, and height above sea level anywhere on earth.
Green stitch Affected with a green stitch.
Grey scale A scale of shades ranging from white to black. Devices that can only display data in black and white translate colour differences into various shades of grey.
Guide Number Value for the maximum power of a camera flash based on a film with an ISO of 100. Built-in camera flashes have a guide number (GN) of approx. 10 – 20, compact flashes between 20 – 40, and the GN for grip-type flashes is between 45 – 60.
Half_Press When the shutter button is not pressed down all the way, but is stopped halfway down. Normally, the shutter button is pressed in two stages. The first stage adjusts the focus and the light is metered to adjust the shutter speed and aperture value. While in this state, the focus and metering value are set.
Hand-held exposure meter External exposure meter.
Hard drive /disk Device for the permanent storage of programs and information that remain after a computer has been turned off.
Hardware All actual physical computer components such as the computer itself and peripheral devices like monitor, mouse, printer, digital camera, etc.
HDD Hard Disc Drive.
Hi Colour Describes an image having at least 32,000 colours.
Histogram A graph that shows the brightness distribution (by depicting the distribution of dark and bright pixels) for a scene. The data can be used to judge the exposure of the picture. Histograms are sometimes found in high-end digital cameras.
Homepage First page of an Internet site.
Hotline The technical customer support centre.
Hot pixel see Hot pixels
Hot pixels Faulty pixels which are always on, causing a white spot in the image, usually slightly larger than one pixel in size.
Hot plugging The connection and uncoupling of external devices while the PC is running. Restarting the computer is unnecessary. Requirements: USB, and the relevant operating system.
Hot shoe A clip-on connector for an external flash system (or accessories like remote controls or flash adapters) usually found on the top of the camera. It has two metal brackets and normally one or several electrical contacts in the centre to allow communication between the camera and flash. If it has no contact, this is an accessory shoe. The flash also features a hot shoe contact and normally a locking mechanism to prevent it falling out of the shoe.
HQ resolution High Quality resolution. Description for high digital photo quality.
Html Hypertext markup language, a file format used in the World Wide Web.
http Hypertext transfer protocol: transmission format and communication basis for the exchange of data in the Internet.
Hyper focal distance see Hyper focal setting
Hyper focal setting The hyper focal is a certain distance, with whom you get the depth of field; the hindmost focal point is allways at infinity. Wenn the camera uses a fixed aperature and a fixed focal length and also to this two parameters fitting hyperfocal distance has been adjusted, everything halfway from hyperfocal distance to infinity will be in focus.
IEEE1394 see Firewire
Image capacity The number of images that can be taken before the storage medium needs to be replaced.
Image compression In order to store digital pictures economically, the image data is compressed. However, compression often causes a reduction in picture quality.
Image converter Semiconductor image converter (CCD chip).
Image editing software Describes software that allows the user to view and alter digital images. A commonly used image editing program is Adobe Photoshop.
Image plane The area inside the camera where the object is focused clearly. The image plane can be compared to the film plane in analogue cameras; the difference being that the film is replaced by the CCD chip.
Imaging software Software for the administration and editing of digital images (as well as other multimedia files).
Image stabiliser Either opto-mechanical or electronic system that helps prevent camera shake to ensure sharp, clear results even at very high zooming levels. Upon detecting any unintentional movement of the lens, the system compensates optically or electronically to keep the subject steady. While electronic stabilisation systems are fine for video cameras, there are not as suitable for still images.
Image Tank Mobile buffer from the Level Electronics company.
Image transmission/ transfer The digitisation of images means they can be transmitted via data carriers or networks without the loss of quality or copied an infinite number of times.
Index print Reduced display of several photos on one print.
[INDOOR] A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. The light of the flash can be too strong for shooting indoors. This preset setting uses higher ISO sensitivities. This allows you to use a flash that is less strong than normal when shooting indoors and to avoid the likelihood of blur when not using the flash.
Ink jet printer A printer that by spraying tiny black or coloured ink dots onto paper produces a hardcopy image.
Interface Connecting point between the computer and an external device, e.g. mouse, scanner, modem, digital camera.
Internal memory Memory built into a camera that cannot be removed.
Internet Worldwide network of computers that allows for the global exchange of information.
Interpolation Calculating non-existent image data from captured image data. Interpolation is used by all digital cameras to determine colour data from neighbouring sensors. (The reason, a sensor can only record one colour.) Interpolation can also be used to increase (or decrease) an image’s resolution. The quality of the resulting photo depends on the capabilities of the algorithm used. It is important to remember, interpolation cannot produce detail that has not been captured.
IPTC/NAA-Standard Standard for storing picture information (so called meta files) in JPEG files. The information is not visible in the picture, but they are wrapped up in the picture file and can be shown and worked up with an appropriate programm.This standard is developed by the "International Press Telecommunications Council" (IPTC) and the "Newspaper Association of America" (NAA).
IS see Image stabiliser
iSAPS Short for "intelligent Scene Analysis based on Photographic Space". By the Canon Company developed technology. On the basis of the distance of the motif, the focal length, the aiming of the camera (thanks to the orientation sensor) and the lightness of the motif makes it possible for the DIGI respectively iSAPS to make a profil from the motif and compare it with characteristic properties typical motif situations, which are stored inside the camera databank. Due to these informations, is it possible for the camera to adjust the picture parameters (f.i. Exposure, white balance etc.)to the circumstances.
ISO Norm International Standard Organization.
Jaggies Slang term for the stair-stepped appearance of a curved or angled line in digital imaging. The smaller the pixels, and the greater their number, the less apparent the “jaggies”. Also known as pixelisation.
JEIDA apan Electronics Industry Development Association. Japanese standards committee for storage cards.
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group. The de facto standard for image compression in digital imaging devices which enables different levels of compression to be selected. Because brightness information is more important than colour data, most pixels only store the brightness information. When the JPEG file is opened, the missing colour data is automatically calculated from the existing information.
JPEG2000 Successor format from the JPEG store method. Thanks to the so called Wavelet-compression there is less quality los as with a higher compression density as with JPEG. Nowadays hardly supported.
JPG File ending for JPEG files.
J2K see JPEG2000
KB see Kilobyte
Kbit/s Kilobits per second. The number of kilobits transmitted per second.
Kbyte see Kilobyte
Kelvin scale Temperature scale beginning at absolute zero (approx. –273° Celsius = 0 Kelvin). Therefore Celsius values can easily be converted into Kelvin by adding 273 degrees to the Celsius value.
Kilobyte 1 Kilobyte = 1,024 bytes.
LAB LAB colours consist of a luminance or brightness component and two chromatic components.
[LANDSCAPE+PORTRAIT] A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures including people and landmarks or scenery.
Large format Name for the analogue Planfilm-System. The greatest filmsize in film-based photography . Typical picture sizes are 4 x 5 and 9 x 12 cm. For this size are special - mostly technical very simple (without electronics), allmost allways manual adjusting - cameras (named Precision- or Field camera) available. Because this cameras have between the lens and the film bearer movable bellows, it makes it possible to obtain through moving on both levels perspective corrections (f.i. anti-distorsion) and a so called focus extension.
Laser printer A printer that uses a laser beam to project characters and graphics onto a drum, which then electrographically transfers the image, using toner, onto paper. Laser printers are known for their high quality reproduction and printing speed.
LCD Liquid Crystal Display. LCDs are commonly used in calculators, watches, digital cameras, and notebook computers.
LED A Light Emitting Diode is often used as an indicator lamp.
Lens Transparent glass or plastic that has been formed and polished to form a certain shape, usually spherical. When a beam of light reaches the area between the air and the lens, a part of this light is always reflected. The remaining light passes into the lens and alters its propagation direction, i.e. the light is refracted. The incorporation of various lenses (converging and diverging lenses) creates a lens system. When optimally arranged, they allow the subject to be presented correctly on the image plane.
Lens adapter Adapter between the end of the camera’s lens and the lens converter. A step-up-ring is also a type of lens adapter.
Lens hood Made from metal or plastic, the hood fits on the end of the lens to shade the front lens element from incidental light, which could otherwise cause reflections, glare and ghosting.
Lens system Group of lenses (sometimes just one lens) that enable the sharpest and brightest pictures to be taken. Often simply referred to as the lens or objective. There are various lenses available such as wide-angle, normal, macro, and tele with fixed focal distances as well as zoom lenses with adjustable focal distances.
Light intens see Light intensity
Light intensity 1. Relationship of the maximum diameter of an objective to its focal distance. It is equal to the smallest aperture value (i.e. the largest opening). Whereas the zoom lenses on analogue cameras have a light intensity of F4, good digital cameras have lenses with a value less than F3.0. 2. The light intensity from sources of light measured in Candela.
Light meter To ensure correct exposure, most analogue and digital cameras feature automatic light metering. Internal or external cells measure light intensity and convert the information into an electrical signal. This is then used by the camera to set the right shutter speed and aperture for the relevant light conditions. Modern exposure metering systems can measure the brightness of just a section of the scene, all areas or give more weight to certain areas. (Digital ESP/selective multi-zone metering), centre weighted average metering, spot metering, reflected-light metering, light metering).
Light metering Method of exposure metering by measuring the amount of light reaching an object. (reflected-light metering, Digital ESP/selective multi-spot metering, centre-weighted average metering, spot metering).
Light sensitivity see Film sensitivity
Li-Ion see Li-Ion rechargeable battery
Li-Ion rechargeable battery Very lightweight rechargeable battery with a very high capacity (up to twice that of a NI-MH rechargeable battery) and one that does not suffer from memory effect problems. While regular lithium ion batteries are available as mignon batteries, the rechargeable versions are only used in custom-made forms requiring special chargers.
Line sensor Image sensor that is read line for line and of which the CCD is a typical example.
LINUX Developed by Linus Thorvald as a free operating system which builts up on the commercial network Unix. Linux is an "Open-Source-Programme" and which comes within the General Public License (GPL), which means, the source code has been made public, the source code can be modified and the software is available for free because there is no payment required for the licence.
Lpi Lines per inch. Unit of measurement for the resolution of printed images. (Dots per inch)
Li-Po rechargeable battery The lithium polymer battery represents a new type of technology that unlike Ni-MH, NiCd and Li-Ion cells does not need a metal casing. Instead, the electrodes are covered with flexible plastic or aluminium foil. They also have a very high energy density so that they can be smaller but provide higher performance than other rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, they are easier and cheaper to produce in the medium term than Li-Ion rechargeable batteries but, like the latter they are only available in custom-made forms requiring special chargers.
LSI Short for Large Scale Integration. Name for electronical components which have different functions at one time or on which are integrated different components with special functions.
Lithium battery An accumulator type battery with a high energy density making it ideal for mobile phones, still and video cameras. Generally, the lithium battery is the main battery and the lithium ion battery is a secondary, rechargeable battery.
Lithium rechargeable battery see Li-Ion rechargeable battery
LZW Developed by Lempel, Zif, and Welsh: a special kind of compression reducing required storage capacity for Bitmap formats without loss in quality.
Mac Abbreviated name of the Apple Macintosh computer. This computer is often used for graphics applications and image processing.
Mac OS The Apple Macintosh computer’s operating system.
Macintosh see Mac
Macro converter Lens attachment that permits fascinating detailed shots.
Macro position Special setting on a camera respectively on an objective, which shortens the closest focus range.
Macro shooting Shooting while having the camera just a very short distance from the subject, such as 2 cm or 20 cm away.
mAh Short for mili-ampere per hour. Unit for the capacity statement of batteries. The higher the value, the more energy reserves the battery has to offer.
Manual focus(MF) This allows you to set the focus manually. The camera's auto focus function can attain proper focus on normal subjects, but you will need to fix the focus on a certain position when taking pictures of dark or fast-moving subjects. Some camera models have a dedicated button for the manual focusing, while there are others (e.g. C-70 ZOOM) that open the focus setting screen when you hold down the OK/MENU button. There are also camera models that do not have this function.
Manual Mode In this mode, you can manual set the shutter speed and the aperture value. Most camera models display how much your setting combination is diffrent from the optimum exposure setting metered by the camera.
Mass Storage Class see USB Mass Storage Class
MB see Megabyte
Mbyte see Megabyte
Megabyte 1 MB = 1,024 kilobytes.
Megapixel For Megapixel the transducer of a digitalcamera has around 1 Mio. Pixels.
Megapixel digital camera Digital camera equipped with a CCD that can record images with over 1,000,000 pixels. Today, cameras with up to 5 megapixels are in the price range of amateur users.
Memory Card This is what you save your pictures on, and is therefore equivalent to camera film in traditionary photography. Compact digital cameras use xD-Picture Card. Some camera models allow you to use both xD-Picture Card and CompactFlash Card.
Memory effect A problem with NiCd rechargeable batteries where, if the battery is repeatedly charged when not fully empty, the battery just remembers its capacity when it was “topped up” and not its actual capacity. The result: the battery loses power over time.
Memory Stick A removable memory medium developed by Sony.
Menu This is a collection of shooting/playback functions that are available on the camera. The menu is displayed on the monitor when you press the MENU button. The menu is further divided into items such as "SETUP" and "MODE MENU"depending on their purposes. You can use the arrow pad to select a setting.
Metering system A function for measuring the brightness (light). You may wish to select a different metering system, depending on the size of the area in which the light is measured.
MF Short for Manual Focus.
Microdrive A miniature hard drive from IBM that fits the Compact Flash Type II format. To record images to a Microdrive, a digital camera not only needs to be compatible with Compact Flash Type II, but also electronically compatible (able to provide the power required and have the necessary firmware.)
Microprocessor Electronical part of the camera which processes the signals from the A/D/ converter.
Middle contact Electronical contact on every hotshoe for transferring the fire orders from the flash. Because this contact is the main contact and it is always situated in the middle of the hotshoe, it is also called middle contact.The middle contact diameter is also bigger than the extra contact on systemhotshoes.
Mignon Named for batteries with a standard measure fom 14,5 x 50,5 mm. Most frequently used battery format. Also known as AA (American name) or R6 Batterie ( international official name).
MiniCards Small memory cards that are manufactured by Intel (Miniature Cards) or Toshiba (SSFDC).
MMC see Multimedia Card
Modem Word derived from Modulation and Demodulation. A device which transforms digital data into analogue signals in order to send the information through a telephone line. A modem is necessary to access the internet or online services.
Moiré An interference pattern brought about when images of differing resolution are superimposed. This problem may occur, for example, if small diamond shapes are to be reproduced on a television screen.
Monochrome A picture in only one colour or in black and white.
Motion JPG Some digital cameras can record a fast sequence of images in QuickTime Motion JPEG format.
MOV see QuickTime
Movie recording An increasing number of digital cameras now allow the photographer to capture movie sequences. By taking hundreds of shots over the space of about a minute, a movie effect can be achieved (some cameras allow sound to be recorded to the movies too). These can then be included in presentations or incorporated into internet sites.
MPEG Motion Picture Expert Group. The abbreviation is used to describe a compression format for digitised video images.
MPU Mathematical Processing Unit. Either an integrated or separate component of a processor, which carries out the mathematical calculations, e.g. for certain image processing tasks.
MultiMediaCard see Multimedia card
Multimedia card A flash memory card used in some digital cameras and MP3 players.
Multi measuring cell Electronical component for multiple spot measuring.
Multi-spot_autofocus An autofocus system that uses readings from several different points in the frame to determine the proper focus.
Multi-spot exposure metering With this system, the user can take readings from a number of freely-definable points. The camera recalculates the average exposure after each reading.
[MUSEUM] A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. The [MUSEUM] setting can be used in situations where you do not want to bother the people around you. Not only is the flash turned off, but camera sounds such as button operation sounds and the focusing sound emitted when the shutter button is half-pressed are also turned off.
MF see Manual Focus
ND Filter A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. This adjusts the amount of light that enters the lens without affecting the picture color. Use this filter when you wish to use a slow shutter speed in bright daylight, or to shoot with lens aperture open.
Negative Film coated with a light sensitive emulsion that after exposure and processing produces the images taken with the camera in complementary values.
Network The connection of several individual computers to aid data exchange and communication.
NiCd battery Nickel-Cadmium battery.
[NIGHT+PORTRAIT] A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Set [SCENE] to [NIGHT+PORTRAIT] when taking pictures of people with night scenery in the background.
Night Scene A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of night scenery.
Ni-MH battery Nickel-Metal Hydride battery. Rechargeable batteries that have an energy density 100% higher than NiCd batteries and can supply high energy levels when required, e.g. when using the flash in quick succession. They can be recharged more than 300 times and are environmentally-friendly (free of cadmium and mercury). Among other devices, Ni-MH batteries are used to power digital cameras.
Nodal point The optimal turning point of the camera is the so called Nodal Point, this is the point of intersection between the optical axes and the main surface of the object. When a beam of light hits in a certain angle on the picture side nodal point, the beam of light will leave the objectside nodal point under the same angle. A good description for this point could also be "optical centre". The nodal point is impotant with taking panorama pictures.
Noise A term used in the field of audio engineering to describe interference that can lead to impure sounds and distortion. Noise may occur, for example, as a result of faulty microphones or recording equipment. In digital imaging, noise is a term used to describe the visible effect of interference on the CCD sensor. It appears as unwanted colour spots in an image - especially those taken at night with a slow shutter speed.
Noise reduction In noise reduction mode, the camera takes two shots: the normal shot and one with the same exposure time but with the shutter closed. It is then able to determine the areas of an individual image that are susceptible to noise and compensate for this.
NTSC National Television Standards Committee. American television standard for the coding/ encoding of colours. Developed in 1953 this US TV norm is defined by an image size of 640 x 480 pixels and a frequency of 60 Hz (interlaced, i.e. 2 x 30 half images per second).
Object-lens tube Tube sized housing from an objective.
OLYMPUS One of the worldwide leaders in the optio-digital market. Olympus entered the field of digital imaging at photokina 1996. From the very beginning, the company offered a complete digital photography system. With its vision, Olympus quickly became, and has remained, a driving force in this booming sector.
OLYMPUS Master Picture management and editing software. It is included in the CD-ROM supplied with the camera. When you upgrade to the Plus version, you can enjoy additional functions like the creation of 360-degree panoramic movies, digital albums that can be posted on the Internet, and more.
Operating system The basic program needed by a computer for operation. Well-known operating systems include Windows from Microsoft and Mac OS from Apple.
Optical real image viewfinder Shows the actual area that can be photographed.
Optical zoom Zoom lens.
Optional From Latin "optio" (= wish, free option) With cameras: accessory wich can be purchased as an extra and is not a part of the standard box.
Overexposure When a shot receives too much light so that the photo is too bright and colours are bleached out.
PAL Phase Alternating Line. A colour television standard developed in Germany in 1967 and used in many European and non-European countries. The image size is 786 x 576 pixels with a frequency of 50 Hz interlaced (2 x 25 half images are generated each second).
Pan-focus Special programme mode in which the autofocus can be turned off and the camera will adjust the focal point and the diaphragm so that everything in a certain distance area will be in focus. Because there will be no autofocus process, the shutter can be opened without a focus conditioned time delay. Also called Hyperfocal Setting. Fixed focus cameras function as well according to the Hyperfocal Setting principle.
Panorama function Special function that allows the stitching together of numerous pictures to create a panorama effect. SmartMedia and xD-Picture Cards from Olympus make it particularly easy to create such compositions when used in conjunction with a compatible Olympus digital camera.
Panorama picture Generally speaking named for pictures which are at least twice as wide as high and which are suited for picture motivs with a really great angle of coverage (up to 360 ). Real panorama pictures show a greater angel of coverage than pictures with a traditional side proportion.With common panorama technology the camera turns around it own spindle during shooting or several pictures will be united to an extra long picture. For the last method several digital cameras own a so called Panorama respectively Stich-Assistent which indicates from two removed separate pictures the points of intersection for easy seamless uniting of the pictures with the special software. Simply Panorama systems cut of the upper or lower margin of a picture to hold out a panorama picture; but the angle of coverage will not be bigger as with a "normal" picture.
Pantone A colour scale consisting of about 3,000 gradations in tone that is used in editing digital images.
Parallax error When the motif seen through the camera’s viewfinder does not correspond with what will be captured by the lens due to the different viewing positions of the two. When shooting close up, the degree of error can lead to incorrectly framed images. Some cameras feature a viewfinder with correction markings to prevent this while others automatically compensate for the parallax effect. In digital cameras, the parallax error can be avoided by framing shots with the LCD monitor (if available).
PC-Synchro cable Standard plug for connecting a Studio Flash and an older compact flash to cameras.The cable is only used for transmitting the flash commands: opposite to TTL flash control were there are no signals transmitted for controlling the exposure. The short for PC has by the way nothing to do with in computer technology used short for "Personal Computer", however originally derived from Prontor and Compur ( two type defenitions of shutters from Middle Format and Larg Format cameras), because in the past these frequently used type of shutters were directly connected to the flash. See also Flash synchronisation
PC-Synchro plug Plug for connecting a pc synchron cable.
PDF Short for " Portable Document Format" . By the Adobe company developed special file format for documents (f.i. manuals, prospects, message). The PDF format allows a uniform description from the corresponding documents in original layout and with the original lettertype on the monitor and on paper. PDF documents can be opened, placed, or printed with the Acobat Reader from Adobe which can be obtained free of charge.
Peripheral device General term for computer accessories.
Photo CD A process developed by Kodak and Philips that enables the digital storage of conventional photographs and slides on a CD-ROM. As such, the digitised picture may be loaded into a computer and viewed or edited like other digital images.
Photocell see Photodiode
Photodiode A semiconductor which measures or converts light into an electrical current. Photodiodes are commonly used in scanners, CCD sensors, and exposure meters.
Photokina
Picture effects Allow images to be captured, for example, in black & white, blackboard/whiteboard and sepia to produce a specific look.
PictBridge Protocol (manufacturer overstepping) for direct heading of a printer with a digital camera. Makes printing possible from a digital camera without a pc and the printer does not has to have memory cards slots. For this it' s neccessary that the printer as well as the camera are PictBridge standard compatibel.
PICT file A file format developed by Apple.
Picture resolution see Resolution
Picture Transfer Protocol see PTP
P.I.M Print Image Matching technology. Developed by Epson for even more realistic colours in digital photo prints. Information about the colour scale and other relevant data (such as light values, colour saturation, colour balance, contrast etc.) are recorded in the Exif file header and can then be used by P.I.M. compatible printers when printing.
Pixel The pixel is the smallest element of a raster display or digital image and contains information about intensity and colour. A pixel can be either square or rectangular. Generally, monitors or ink-jet prints consist of pixels with up to 256 dots per colour. Exception: dye-sublimation printer.
Pixel modulation A process used in printing which changes the brightness of individual pixels by changing the pixel size.
Pixel mapping Term for process by which defective pixels on a CCD are recognised and compensated for. The missing data is calculated by using the values from surrounding pixels.
Pixel-Shift Shooting technology with digital cameras, where in a fraction of a second two successive shots with slightly (in micrometer-area) moved shooting level (by moving the transducer or through moving the by the objective embraced image) are made. Therefore, it is possible for the transducer to filter the two images differently, resulting in less interpolation and therefore a better image quality.
PL Filter A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. Removes the light reflection from the subject surface. Removing light reflected by the subject surface enables better color reproduction and enhanced contrast.
PMA Photo Marketing Association, Internation organisation of Photo dealers. They organise every year in February a mainly for the American market intended, Photo Fair in the USA.
PNG Portable Network Graphics. A lossless compression file format used for storing images. (JPEG, MPEG, LZW, ZIP)
Polarisation filter Filter that only lets light through that is coming from a certain direction and so helps cut out reflections from non-metallic surfaces (like glass and water). Use of the filter also increases colour saturation, making blue skies even bluer, for example.
Polfilter see Polarisation filter
Portrait Portrait refers to pictures of people, especially photographic portraits. Depending on how much of the subject is in the composition, there are long, medium and close up shots.
Positive film A type of film. It is also called a slide film, and is exposed directly in the camera and processing through a direct positive process to give positive color images that are directly viewable on a slide projector. It offers superior color saturation and tonal range than negative films.
Postscript A standard format for the printing or reproduction of text and graphical documents.
Ppi Printing term for pixel per inch. Indicates the number of pixels a scanner or digital camera can process per inch.
Print Image Matching see PIM
Primary colours The basic colours of the additive or subtractive colour system.
Printer Some types of printers include: dot-matrix, ink-jet, laser, LED or dye-sublimation.
Print functions In addition to trimming and image selection, some printers offer users greater independence from the computer by presenting them with more print functions. For example, individual backgrounds may be created and picture effects like sepia used to personalise the print. And if the printer and camera feature DPOF compatibility, print settings selected on the camera immediately after taking photos will also be recognised.
Printing media (paper) For optimum printing results, it is important to choose the best printing media. Olympus not only offers paper and printer ribbons for its dye-sublimation printers, but also provides print media for the ink-jet user too. In addition to the specially coated, super high quality InkJet Photomedia, the CAMEDIA series also features other paper types with a variety of finishes, from high-gloss to poly-silk fabric.
Processor The “heart” of a computer. All programs and user commands are executed here.
Program automatic In the program automatic setting, (on most models denoted by “P”) the camera sets the aperture and shutter speed to suit the relevant conditions.
Progressive CCD Describes a CCD specially developed for digital cameras.
Prosumer camera Term to describe a camera with features of professional models that also appeal to the consumer.
PTP Picture Transfer Protocol is an image data transfer protocol (like the TCP/IP protocol for the Internet) that is intended to do away with the need for special digital camera drivers. PTP compatible devices, such as digital cameras, computers, mobile phones, printers, etc., should be able to transfer data among each other without the user needing to install any drivers.
Quick shooting mode This function allows a number of photos to be taken in quick succession (usually with one to two seconds between each shot). With a large memory (D-RAM) it is even possible to take high resolution shots with only a tenth of a second between them. The images are then later saved onto the cards.
QuickTime Developed by Apple, this is a standard for digital videos and streaming media. Many internet videos are in QuickTime format.
QuickTime Motion JPEG A file format created by Apple for saving and compressing animated audio/video data (videoclips, for example). Best played with Apple QuickTime-Player.
QuickTime VR Addition to QuickTime for saving and displaying panorama images.
QVGA Quarter VGA. Named for a picture resolution of 320 x 240 pixels, which occurs a lot as a picture size with video recordings. See also VGA
QXGA Quad Extended Graphics Array. Standard for displaying images on a screen. Typical resolution is 2,048 x 1,536 pixels.
RAM Random Access Memory. The user can read and write data from/onto this type of memory. RAM is used to temporarily store both data and programs. As opposed to ROM, all memory stored in RAM is lost when the power is turned off and is therefore called volatile memory.
Raster length The number of raster points that can be displayed per inch. Given in lines per centimetre (L/cm) or per inch (lpi). A 60 raster is 60 L/cm or 152 lpi.
RAW NSome cameras allow files to be saved in the RAW format. These contain the image information as it is sent directly from the CCD, i.e. before the camera has carried out any processing at all. The RAW files are usually smaller than if saved in TIFF format because the colour information has not been processed at that point. To see and edit the files and then save them in a more conventional format, a special program or plug-in is required.
Real image viewfinder Optical real image viewfinder.
Rechargeable battery Type of battery that once empty can be recharged using a charger. The most common types of rechargeable batteries are nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), lithium ion (li-ion) and lithium polymer (li-po) batteries.
Red stitch Affected with a red stitch.
Red eye reduction Technical measures for red-eye reduction effects with flash shooting. Red lightning eyes originate during the reflextion of the flash light in the retina of the eye.The effect will appear more often, if the the pupil is opened wide and the closer the built-in flash is near the axe of the objective. As a counteract, they will try to reduce the red-eye-efect by using a bundled ambient light or pre-flash for the actually shooting so the pupils will close a little.
Reflected light metering Method of exposure metering by which the amount of light reflected from the subject is measured. (Digital ESP/selective multi-zone metering, exposure metering, light metering, spot metering, centre-weighted average metering).
Removable lens Lens that is not fixed to the camera but one that can be removed and replaced by another lens.
Removable memory Memory card that may be inserted into and taken out of the camera. For example xD-Picture Card, SmartMedia a CompactFlash Card
Resolution Measurement of the image detail (dots per inch/ centimetre) that a device can capture or reproduce. With a monitor or printer, the resolution describes the number of pixels that can be shown. When used with devices for image capture, such as digital cameras or scanners, the resolution refers to the number of pixels that record the image. The result is given in dpi (“dots per inch” 1 inch = 2.54 cm), the horizontal and vertical total of pixels (e.g. 2,288 x 1,712 ) or in lpmm (line pairs per millimetre, which describes the highest number of thin black and white lines that can be displayed per millimetre). A good small image film has, for example, a resolution of approximately 150 lpmm (300 dpi rounded out to 118 dots per centimetre). In general, it can be said that the higher the resolution, the better the quality
RGB Red, Green, Blue – the three basic colours for additive colour mixing.
RIP Hardware or software, which converts a postscriptum file into a for a printer or other device suitable raster format. The RIP-software is usually a part of the postcriptum software.
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer. A processor or system that has extremely fast processing times, but recognises only a small number of commands.
ROM Read Only Memory. This type of memory storage only allows the user to “read” the information it contains, i.e. the user cannot store (write) any information on the ROM. Once written, the contents of the ROM cannot be changed.
RS-MMC Short for Reduced Size-MultiMediaCard. Resized (24 x 18 x 1,4 mm) version of the MultiMedia Card.
R6 see Mignon
Salt-and-Pepper-Noise High frequent noise, with a dispersion of black and white dots, which originates through a not optimal working noise-reduction in the camera.
Scanner A device used to digitise printed information (pictures, graphics, and text).
[SCENE] One of the camera functions. Scenes are preset so that the necessary functions and settings can be easily selected to suit the subject. A variety of settings are available for [SCENE], such as [LANDSCAPE] and [NIGHT SCENE]. Select the mode that best suits the subject you are shooting so you can easily take pictures with the ideal settings.
Scene program Modes for certain types of shots. In a scene program, the camera automatically selects the best parameters (such as aperture, shutter, flash mode, etc.) for the scene in question. Typical scene modes include night scene, landscape, portrait, sport.
SD see Secure Digital Card
SD Card see Secure Digital Card
Secure Digital Card Removable storage media for images and audio files.
Selective measurement With selective light metering, as with spot metering only a certain part of the motiv - mostly in the middle of the image - will be measured. The selective light metering has a wider measure angle (normally 3 bis 20%) as with spot metering (angle under 5%).
Selective multizone metering see Digital ESP
Selective zone metering As with spot metering, selective zone metering just takes the readings for a specific section in the frame – usually in the centre. However, unlike spot metering, the measurement area covers a larger portion (up to 20% whereas the spot metering just concentrates on an area below 5%.)
Self-timer A function that delays the opening of the shutter. This ensures vibration-free operation during long exposure times and enables the photographer to get into the picture.
Sepia Amber colored color nuance. In the analog photography is used a so called Sepia-Toner, to let Picture printouts look like bleached images. Some digital cameras offer this effect as an extra.
Sequence mode Several shots are taken automatically in a row.
Server The main computer in a network, responsible for the management/regulation of all other computers.
Sharpness range Area in which the fixfocus objectiv focuses. see Depth of field
Shooting range The range in which a camera is able to capture sharp, focused images.
SHQ-resolution Super High Quality-resolution. A very high resolution digital photo.
Shutter Either mechanical and/or electronic shutters are possible. Mechanical systems can use a leaf (or iris) shutter or curtain shutter. In digital cameras a third alternative is also possible: the electronic shutter. This works by activating and then deactivating the CCD so that no further light can be recorded, regardless of whether light is hitting the CCD. The shutter controls the exposure time, which can range from thousandths of a second to several minutes or more. Fast shutter speeds freeze action, slow speeds are more suited to stationary subjects. A tripod is recommended for slow exposure shots to avoid camera shake.
Shutter Priority In this mode, the user can adjust the shutter speed manually and the camera then selects the aperture setting for the best exposure. Often described as “S” mode on the camera.
Shutter time lag Time between the instant the release is fully depressed and the actual moment of capture. This does not include the time when the release is half depressed to activate (if available) the autofocus system, etc.
Single lens reflex camera Camera type that directs the image coming in through the lens up into the viewfinder by means of a mirror. When the shutter is released the mirror swings up to allow light on the image plane. For fast sequence shooting and to reduce vibrations, some SLR optical systems use a beam splitter (prism) instead of the quick return swinging mirror. The picture seen through the viewfinder is almost 100% identical to the resulting photo.
Single Lens Reflex Viewfinder see Single-lens reflex camera
Skylight-Filter Filter which - as the UV-filter - stops the UV light, oposite to thisone not colorneutral, but light pink coloured. Used mainly for reducing the atmospheric fog (vapour) and for protecting the camera.
Slow Shutter It means slow shutter speed. In general, slow shutter refers to shutter speeds slower than the minimum shutter speed required in order to avoid camera movement blur. Shooting a water flow or car lights in a night scene using slow shutter results in pictures containing unusual, interesting effects.
Slow Synchronization Photography technique where the shutter speed is set to a slower speed and the shutter is kept open for a while after the flash has gone off. When the flash is set to go off automatically, the shutter speed is usually set to a value that allows you to take pictures without camera movement blur. As a result, when you take pictures when there is just enough light to see the background, such as at sunset, the background may lack exposure and appear completely black. Setting a slower shutter speed and turning the flash off allows you to shoot both the subject and the background. When you use a slow shutter speed, try stabilizing the camera with a tripod or other method.
SLR viz Single Lens Reflex
SM viz SmartMedia
SmartMedia function cards Olympus offers various SmartMedia cards with additional functions for compact and compact zoom digital cameras: a template function that allows photos to be combined with 12 different templates, a panorama card which together with a PC permits up to 10/20 images to be fused to create a panoramic photo, a calendar function card that enables the production of personalised calendars, and a title function card for creating birthday and greetings cards.
SmartMedia storage card SmartMedia cards are small (45 mm x 37 mm x 0.76 mm) and light (approximately 2 g) storage media. The controller is located in the drive instead of being incorporated in the card to allow simple construction. SmartMedia cards are very affordable and ideal for the storage of digital photos and music.
Soft Focus Filter A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. It softens the contours of the subject to obtain a softer, hazy picture.
Software Generall name for all computer programms (operating system and applications).
Sound recording Some modern digital cameras enable sound to be recorded to either movie sequences or still images. Therefore, through the use of the built-in (or external) microphone, sound effects can be added to images.
Spot metering Exposure metering method whereby the exposure reading is taken from the centre of the frame. This is often used when working with backlight. (Digital ESP/selective multi zone metering, reflected-light metering, exposure metering, light metering).
SQ-resolution Standard Quality resolution.
Step-up-ring Lens adapter, with which a filter/conversion lens with a wider diameter than that of the camera’s lens is attached.
Stitchen Past together. Method with the help of the right software for pasting together seamless single shots to a Panorama image.
Storage Class viz USB MAss Storage Class
Studio flash Stationary, high power flash that is mostly used by advertising and fashion photographers. Normally consisting of simply a flash tube and pilot lamp that shines continuously to enable the user to check the exposure, they have no automatic metering system and must be adjusted manually. Studio flashes can be equipped with diverse accessories, such as softboxes, filters, reflectors, Fresnel lenses etc. to achieve special lighting or effects. These flash systems are generally much more powerful than compact flashes and their output is measured not by a guide number but by watts per second (Ws). Models over 400 Ws mostly have to be powered by an external power source. The studio flash is connected to the camera via an x-synchronisation cable. If several flashes are used, the other units are activated by an activation light from the first flash unit.
Subtractive colour mixing A special method for the production of colour prints that involves layering the colours cyan, magenta, yellow, and black in appropriate proportions, to produce the required colours.
[SUNSET] A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of sunsets and scenes illuminated by the glow of twilight. The white balance is locked automatically at [Sunny Day] so color tones are more emphasized, preserving the special atmosphere of a sunset scene.
Super CCD A CCD type developed by Fujifilm that utilises octagonal-shaped pixels arranged in an interwoven pattern.
SVGA Super Video Graphics Array. Refers to a display screen resolution of 800 x 600 pixels.
SXGA Super Extended Graphics Array. Describes a resolution of 1,280 x 1,024 image pixels.
System camera Camera that can be used with a wide range of accessories from the same manufacturer (lens converters, external flash, external power source, etc.)
System conditions Minimal requirement of hardware and software for the operating of a device (f.i. digitalcamera or scanner) or the software on a computer. Decisive are the CPU, the free working space RAM en harddisk space as well as the operating system.
Tabletop Tabletops are used for the aranging of a motiv on a surface. For profesional shooting there are available special tables.
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol over Internet Protocol. Standard protocol for sending data packets over the Internet or network. The data is automatically broken up into small packets. An error correction procedure takes place automatically.
Tele All lenses with a focal length of 80 mm (or in digital cameras, with the equivalent of 80 mm) or over are classified as tele lenses. Typical characteristics of a tele lens are the narrow field of view (30° and below depending on focal length), the short depth of field and a compression effect where objects far away and near by appear to be on one level. Standard tele lenses are 80 to 200 mm* and super tele lenses are from 200 mm* upwards. (Wide angle, zoom.) (* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
Tele converter Lens attachment that extends the focal length.
Tele- focal length viz Tele
Template card viz SmartMedia Function Card
TFT Thin Film Technology. Currently the highest quality of colour LC-Displays. TFT displays are used in notebooks as well as in digital cameras from OLYMPUS.
Thumbnail The miniature representation of a digital image that usually serves as a preview function in image editing programs.
TIFF Tagged Image File Format. A specific, high quality file format used for the storage of digitised images.
Title function card viz SmartMedia Function Card
Trimming Refers to the action of removing unwanted portions of the picture. Usually, the cropped part remaining after you trim the unwanted portions is magnified to the size of the original picture. Therefore, the smaller the remaining part, the poorer the picture quality will be after it is enlarged.
Tripod Stand to which the camera can be attached to hold it steady, especially during slow exposure shots where camera shake must be avoided. Most tripods have three legs while professionals prefer the more compact but less stable one-legged versions.
True Colour Describes the colour output on a monitor or printer. Requires at least 16 million colour nuances.
TruePic Developed by Olympus, the TruePic technology optimises the image information captured on the CCD before the data is saved. Employing the algorithm 3-D Cubic, it uses the brightness and colour information of the neighbouring pixels when processing the pixel data. These calculations, only possible with the super-fast Risc and Olympus Asic processor, lead to digital pictures that set standards for picture sharpness, contrast, true colours and gradation.
TTL flash metering With TTL flash metering the flash light and ambient light is measured through the lens so the intensity of the flash can be set. All work is done by the camera so the flash does not need any metering cells or control circuits. Also, no manual adjustments are necessary.
TTL metering Through The Lens metering.
TWAIN Driver Allows the transfer of scans or digital photos into image editing programs. (TWAIN: Technology Without An Interesting Name.)
Ultrazoom Zoomobjective with a factor 10x or more.
Universalzoom Zoom which has a focal length as well in the wide angle area as if in the tele area. Universal zoom indicates typically zoomobjectives which have focal length from 28 to 200 mm.
Unsharp Masking Often abbreviated USM. Describes an image focusing process. The quality of the result depends on the characteristics of the algorithm used.
Underexposure When a shot does not receive enough light with the result that the scene is too dark.
Update An updated version of a software program.
Upgrade A new improved version of hardware or software that is already available.
Upload Process of copying a file from a computer to a remote computer. Opposite of download.
URL Unified Resource Locator. Address system for Internet sites.
USB The Universal Serial Bus is probably going to replace the serial and parallel interfaces. USB enables the effortless connection of peripheral devices without the need to install cards into the computer or reconfigure parts of the operating system. The most important advantages are: the support of Plug and Play, hot plugging, automatic configuration of external devices upon connection (no re-start necessary), faster data transfer and the possible operation of up to 127 devices from a single port. USB 2.0 uses a much higher bandwidth and is up to 40 times faster than the original standard. It further benefits from being backwards compatible with existing USB technology, so older devices will still work with USB 2.0 at a so called "Normal Speed" which is equivilant to the USB 1.1 specification while newer devices which are USB Hi-Speed 2.0compliant will profit from the much faster data transfer speed of USB Hi-Speed 2.0.
USB AutoConnect viz USB MAss Storage Class
USB MAss Storage Class With USB Mass Storage Class support, the camera (or any other compatible device) is automatically displayed as an external drive. It can then be easily accessed in any program as a regular drive. Since most operating systems contain the generic Mass Storage Class driver, the camera is recognised without any driver having to be installed. Also called USB Storage Class or USB AutoConnect.
USB Storage Class viz USB MAss Storage Class
Utility A program that performs special tasks for the operating system, for example: file administration, controlling a digital camera, a CD-ROM drive or printer.
UXGA Ultra Extended Graphics Array. This refers to images with a resolution of 1,600 x 1,280 pixels.
Vendor Class USB-devices are separated into different types of classes, e.g. audio-device, mouse or mass storage. Further there are more devices from specific producers, which are not defined in detail. Those are summarised in the Vendor Class. For the use with a computer, there is always needed a specific driver.The first digital cameras have had the type "Vendor-Class". All cameras which are available today, appear for computers as massstorage devices of the type "Mass Storage-Class". Thanks to that standard, there is no specific driver necessary any more.
Video output Interface that connects a digital camera with a TV or video recorder.
Video CCD Describes a CCD specially developed for television and video, also used in digital still cameras.
Viewfinder Part of the camera through which you can see the image. The well-known viewer types with digital cameras are: Single-lens reflex viewfinder, TTL-viewfinder, LCD color monitor and the electronical video viewfinder.
Vignetting Fading off the sides of a picture into plain white or black instead of having abrupt edges. Also unintentional loss of brightness at the edge of the image. Wide angle lenses are particularly susceptible. However, the problem can be more or less avoided by removing the elements causing the effect, such as a filter with a frame that is too large or ill-fitting lens hood.
Virus Describes a part of a computer program that usually causes damage or destruction of software and/or data.
VGA Video Graphics Array. Refers to a display screen with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels.
VR Short for: Vibration Reduction.
WB Compensation One of the white balance compensation functions that are available. In general, white balance is automatically adjusted by the camera. However, it may appear different from the visual impression due to ambient light or the color tone of the subject.
White balance The adjustment of a digital camera to the respective type of light (colour temerature) such as daylight, overcast, tungsten, and fluorescent light for even truer colours. Or to create a different, striking effect.
WIA Short for: Windows Image Acquisition.In the latest operating system from Microsoft (Windows ME/XP) built-in software plug-in for operating scanners and cameras on operating system level. WIA can be seen as a development of TWAIN, because it needs a driverinstallation, oposite to PTP, but already operates on operating system level.
Wide angle Wide angle lenses are those with focal lengths of 35 mm* and lower. The typical qualities of these lenses are a wide viewing angle, (60° to 180°) and a large depth of field. Standard wide angle lenses are classified as having focal lengths of 28 to 35 mm*; super wide angle lenses have values of 24 mm* or less. (Tele, zoom) (* Refers to a 35 mm camera
Wide-angle converter Lens attachment that reduces the focal length.
Windows (95/98/2000/ NT/XP/ME) Graphic-based operating environment developed by Microsoft.
World Wide Web Currently the most popular service offered through the Internet. The WWW provides the possibility to transmit files with multimedia content (texts, sounds, pictures).
Write cancel This mode allows image data in the buffer memory to be deleted and cancels the saving process to the memory card. The camera is thereby immediately ready to shoot again. This function is especially useful in cameras with high-speed sequence shooting.
WWW viz World Wide Web
xD-Picture Card An innovative memory card standard developed by Olympus and Fujifilm, launched in 2002. Particularly small digital memory media for digital cameras that is very durable and robust, and allows speedy data transfer rates. Capacities of up to 8 GB will be possible in the future. (Max. available capacity 2002: 256 MB).
XGA Extended Graphics Array. A graphics standard developed by IBM, which allows the display of 1,024 x 768 pixels with up to 65,535 colours.
X-synch cable Cable for connecting a non-dedicated flash or studio flash. The cable only passes the command to fire and no other instructions.
Zoom factor Ratio between the largest and smallest focal length. Indicates as well the maximum enlarge factor.So has a zoomobjective with a focal length from f.i. 38 to 380mm the disposal of a 10x zoom, a focal length from 38 to 72 mm has a disposal of 2x zoom.
Zooming in Setting a longer focal length on your camera so you can make the subject bigger in the picture.
Zoom lens A type of lens that allows the photographer to get closer (zoom) to a subject. By adjusting the focal length (manually or mechanically), the degree of magnification can be altered. This feature is particularly useful for picking out subjects at a distance. The zooming power of a camera can usually be read on its lens; 3x (e.g. 35 - 105 mm*) is a common zoom level that provides good magnification. However, other cameras offer up to 10x magnification or more, which increases the focal length ten times (e.g. 38 – 380 mm*). When using such high magnification lenses, an optical image stabiliser or tripod help to ensure sharp, clear results. (Lenses, tele, wide, digital zoom, focal length) (* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
2CR5Defined as Lithium batteries for one time use with the standard size 45 x 34 x 17 mm and Nenn voltage 6V. Also known as DL245 battery (American description).